In addition, certain pieces of software provide (virtual) network interfaces-VPN software, virtualization environments (like the Classic environment in OS X 10.4 and earlier), and so on.Įach network interface is generally connected to one or more additional interfaces the connection between them is called a link.
For example, you might have one or more (wired) Ethernet interfaces, a Wi-Fi interface, a Bluetooth interface, or even a cellular modem (whether attached by USB to a Mac or built into an iPhone or iPad). From there, the user’s data might pass across a SONET/SDH link (used for trunk lines) or a satellite connection using IPoS (IP over satellite) or IPoDVB (IP over digital video broadcast).Ī network interface is a piece of hardware that provides a link-layer interconnect. A user might send data over a cable modem based on DOCSIS or a DSL modem based on VHDSL. However, their data passes through links of many different types on its way to its destination. Most end users encounter only five link layers directly: Wi-Fi, cellular networking, Ethernet, Bluetooth, and FireWire. The link layer transports raw packets from one host to another on the same physical network. This layer of the networking stack involves the actual hardware used to communicate with nearby physically connected hosts. The bottommost layer is the link layer, or physical layer. These layers are described in the following sections. The TCP/IP networking model consists of four basic layers: the link layer, the IP layer (short for Internet protocol), the transport layer, and the application layer.
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